Separation Anxiety in Dogs: Causes, Signs, and Treatment

What Is Separation Anxiety?

Separation anxiety is a condition in which a dog exhibits distress behaviors when separated from their attachment figure(s). It is one of the most common behavioral problems in dogs, affecting an estimated 14–17% of the dog population.

Signs of Separation Anxiety

True separation anxiety occurs only when the owner is absent and may include:

• Destructive behavior (chewing furniture, scratching doors)
• Excessive vocalization (barking, howling, whining)
• House soiling despite being house-trained
• Pacing, circling, or repetitive behaviors
• Attempting to escape (can result in injury)
• Excessive drooling or panting
• Refusal to eat when alone

Causes and Risk Factors

• Sudden changes in routine (e.g., owner returning to work)
• Change in household composition
• History of abandonment or multiple rehomings
• Certain breeds (Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, Vizslas)
• Lack of independent coping skills

Evidence-Based Treatment

Behavior Modification

Systematic desensitization is the most effective treatment. This involves:

1. Teaching the dog that pre-departure cues (picking up keys, putting on shoes) don't always predict departure.
2. Gradually increasing alone time, starting with seconds and building to hours.
3. Never punishing the dog for anxiety-related behaviors.

Environmental Management

• Provide enrichment (puzzle feeders, frozen Kongs) when leaving.
• Leave recently worn clothing with your scent.
• White noise or calming music can help.

Medication

For moderate to severe cases, veterinary-prescribed medications (fluoxetine, clomipramine) combined with behavior modification significantly improve outcomes. Never use sedatives as a standalone treatment.

Professional Help

A board-certified veterinary behaviorist (DACVB) or a certified applied animal behaviorist (CAAB) can develop a customized treatment plan.

Source: ASPCA — Separation Anxiety